X-ray has become commonplace in medicine and beyond. But it could be much more difficult, if not the case. How incredible coincidence Roentgen help change the world? November 8, 1895, German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen first saw the mysterious rays: the scientist called them X-rays, and then they got the name of the X-rays.
Exactly 120 years ago, the evening of November 8 1895, German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen worked in his laboratory. After graduating from the next series of experiments, the scientist turned off the lights and covered the Crookes tube – a device, which is filled with rarefied gas flask on both sides which are soldered positive and negative electrodes (anode and cathode) – a cover of black cardboard. The tube thus remains energized, and in the dim light of the room the scientist noticed luminescence was next screen covered with crystals of barium sinerodistogo.
X-ray tube and turned off the glow disappeared. When he turned on the glow – again appeared, what was before. Physicist conclude from the pipe comes invisible radiation that can cause the crystals glow, and as it turned out later, illuminates the photographic plate. Roentgen called X-ray radiation, and later they renamed the X-rays. The experiments showed that the rays – is electromagnetic radiation which has a very large flow of energy that exceeds the energy of ultraviolet radiation. After 6 years after the discovery of X-rays brought his discoverer’s first Nobel Prize in Physics.
And X-rays radically changed not only the modern science and technology. Find out what’s inside a person For the average person the word “x-ray” is not the name of a famous scientist, or the unit of measurement, namely the method of research. Most often in such unpleasant things as a fracture. Indeed, from the time when he published the first X-ray photograph of a hand with a ring (by the way, not the wife of X-rays, as many think, and his assistant), that X-rays are the most reliable way to find out what is inside a person.
Over a century with little medical x-ray was the evolution and become digital, the radiation dose received by the human body, have decreased, and vice versa picture quality has improved. X-rays are absorbed not only bones, but also other tissues kotoryenahodyatsya a part of the human body, each in its own way.
It is this effect based method of computed tomography (CT), for which in 1979, Allan McLeod Cormack Godfrey Hounsfield and received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. Inside the ring, in which the patient lies, rotating X-ray source and the receiver. The data on how the body’s tissues absorb X-rays, computer-reconstructed in 3D-image.
The method of CT is particularly important in stroke-although it is less accurate than magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, but the CT diagnosis much faster. And when you need to find out exactly what happened stroke – hemorrhagic (with hemorrhage, and then the patient should be immediately put on the table to the neurosurgeon) or ischemic (when a blood clot clogs the blood vessels and need blood-thinning drugs) – in fact, every minute counts. Find defects in X-ray radiography is suitable for metal.
The human eye can not determine with certainty whether the firmly welded construction of the bridge, if the seam is sealed from the pipeline and firmly whether contiguous rails. To find out, there are various methods of inspection. Among them, it takes pride of place, and X-ray inspection, it “radiographic testing of welds.” Through X-ray can be seen defects, microcracks, inclusion of air bubbles, slag and similar defects and inaccuracies. To kill the tumor even ultraviolet radiation in high doses can destroy living matter – to say nothing of a high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.
It is because of the murderous forces of the X-ray staff radiological departments that make us an x-ray and computed tomography During studies wear lead apron that X-rays do not pass. The patient receives a small dose, which works fine mechanisms of “repairing” DNA (which was given for the discovery of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015), but the employees of the laboratory without aprons daily would receive a large dose. But the medicine invented, how to use these terrible properties of X-rays for the benefit of: the hard radiation is excellent for killing cancer tumors.
Of course, such therapy can be side effects, but when on one side of the scale – harm, which the body can handle, and on the other – an inevitable death from cancer, the choice is obvious. Contrary to popular belief, the most common type of radiation therapy using hard X-rays and not gamma rays even higher power.
In order to “get” X-rays, radioactive substances are used instead of electrons first clocked up high velocities in a magnetic field and then inhibit them. “Extra” energy is released in the form of X-rays, which kill cancer. Check that the universe discovery of Wilhelm Roentgen made it possible not only to learn the structure of the material, but also to see the most unexplored and mysterious objects in the universe – a black hole.
The black hole absorbs everything – including light, so you can not see it directly. Falling into the hole, the material is accelerated to high speed. At the same time, it heats up and begins to emit X-rays. That is why “see” a black hole is possible, with the help of X-ray telescopes. One of the first X-ray sources in the sky – Cygnus X-1 – was opened in 1964, and today the majority of scientists believe that this black hole mass of about 15 solar masses.
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