The International Space Station , abbr. ISS (Eng. International Space Station , abbr. ISS) – manned space station, used as a multipurpose space research complex. ISS – a joint international project, which involves 15 countries (in alphabetical order): Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Germany, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, USA, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan.
The International Space Station / Photo: ru.wikipedia.org
History
In 1984, US President Ronald Reagan announced the start of work on the creation of the American orbital station . In 1988, the projected station was named «Freedom» («Freedom»). At that time it was a joint project of the United States, ESA, Canada and Japan. Planned large-sized management station modules which will be delivered at a time into orbit aboard the “Space Shuttle”. But by the early 1990s it became clear that the cost of developing the project is too large and only international cooperation will create such a station. USSR already had experience creating and launching into orbit of the orbital station “Salyut” and “Mir” station, planned in the early 1990s, the creation station “Mir-2″, but due to the economic difficulties of the project was put on hold.
June 17, 1992 Russia and the US signed an agreement on cooperation in space exploration. In accordance with the Russian Space Agency (RKA) and NASA have developed a joint program of “Peace – the Space Shuttle.” This program included flights American reusable spacecraft “Space Shuttle” to the Russian space station “Mir”, including Russian cosmonauts to the crew of US space shuttle and the American astronauts in the crew of “Soyuz” and the station “Mir».
In the course of implementing the program “The World – Shuttle” was born the idea of unification of national programs to build space stations.
In March 1993, the general director of the Russian Space Agency Yuri Koptev and Chief Designer of NPO “Energia” Yuri Semenov offered the head of NASA Daniel Goldin create the International Space Station.
In 1993, many US politicians were against the construction of the orbital space station. In June 1993 the US Congress discussed a proposal for rejection of the International Space Station. This proposal was not accepted by a margin of only one vote: 215 votes for failure, 216 votes for construction of the station.
2 September 1993 US Vice President Al Gore and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announced a new project “a truly international space station.” Since then, the official name of the station was the “International Space Station”, although used in parallel and unofficial – Space Station “Alpha».
International Space Station, July 1999 / Photo: ru.wikipedia.org
International Space Station, July 2000 / Photo: ru.wikipedia.org
ISS, April 2002 / Photo: ru.wikipedia.org
ISS, August 2005 / Photo: ru.wikipedia.org
ISS, September 2006 / Photo: ru.wikipedia.org
ISS, August 2007 / Photo: ru.wikipedia. org
ISS, June 2008 / Photo: ru .wikipedia.org
International Space Station, March 2011 / Photo: ru.wikipedia.org
The device station
The basis of the device station laid modular principle. ISS assembly occurs by sequentially adding to the complex next module or unit that connects to the already delivered into orbit.
Picture: ru.wikipedia.org
In 2013 a part of the ISS consists of 14 basic modules, the Russian – “Dawn”, “Star”, “Pierce,” “Search,” “Dawn”; US – “Unity”, “Desteni”, “Network”, “Tranquility”, “dome”, “Leonardo”, “Harmony”, a European – “Columbus” and the Japanese – “Kibo»
The diagram shows all of the major and minor units that are part of the station (closed), or are scheduled for delivery.
Location of modules relative to each other often changes. The diagram shows the location planned for the end of construction.
The diagram shows:
- «Dawn» – Functional Cargo Module “Zarya”, the first delivered to the orbit module ISS. Module weight – 20 tons, the length – 12.6 m, diameter – 4 m, volume – 80 cubic meters. It equipped with jet engines to correct the station’s orbit and large solar panels. The service life of the module will be expected to at least 15 years. US financial contribution to the “Dawn” is about $ 250 million. The Russian – more than $ 150 million.
- n. M. panel – protivometeoritnaya panel or protivomikrometeornaya protection which at the insistence of the US side is mounted on the module “Zvezda»;
- «Star» – Service Module “Zvezda”, which houses the system flight control systems, life support, energy and information center, as well as cabins astronauts. Module weight – 24 tons. The module is divided into five sections and has four docking station. All its systems and components – Russia, except for the on-board computer system, created with the participation of European and American experts;
- MIM – small research module, two Russian cargo module “Search” and “Dawn” for the storage of equipment necessary to carry out scientific experiments. “Search” is docked to the zenith docking port of Zvezda module, and “Dawn” – to the nadir port of module “Zarya».
- «Science» – Russian multifunctional laboratory module, which provides the conditions for storage of scientific equipment, scientific experiments, crew of temporary residence. It also provides the functionality of the European arm.
- ERA – European robotic arm for moving the equipment located outside the station. Will be assigned to the Russian scientific laboratory MLM.
- Germoadapter – sealed docking adapter designed to interconnect the modules of the ISS and to provide docking space shuttles.
- «Calm» – a module of the ISS, carrying out functions of life support. Contains the system for the processing of water, air regeneration, waste disposal, etc.. Is connected to the module “Unity».
- «Unity» – the first of three connecting modules of the ISS, operating as a docking station and switch power modules “Quest”, “Nod-3″ , farm Z1 and interface to it through Germoadapter-3 transport ships.
- «Pierce» – docking port intended for docking Russian “Progress” and “Unions”; mounted on the module “Zvezda».
- GSP – external storage platform: three external leaks platform designed exclusively for storage of goods and equipment.
- Farm – united truss structure on the elements which the solar panels, panel radiators and remote manipulators. Also designed for unpressurized storage of cargo and various equipment.
- «Canadarm2» , or “Mobile Servicing System” – Canadian Remote Manipulator System, serving as the primary tool for unloading transport vehicles and movement of the external equipment .
- «Dextre» – The Canadian system of two remote manipulators serving to move the equipment located outside the station.
- «Quest» – a special airlock module for the implementation of the outputs of cosmonauts and astronauts into space, with the possibility of a preliminary of desaturation (leaching of nitrogen from the blood person).
- «Harmony» – connection module, acting as a docking station and switch electricity for three research laboratories and interface to it through Germoadapter-2 transport ships. Contains additional life-support system.
- «Columbus» – the European laboratory module, which in addition to the scientific equipment installed network switches (hubs), provides a link between the computer equipment station. Docked to the module “Harmony».
- «Destiny» – American laboratory module docked with the module “Harmony».
- «Kibo» – Japanese laboratory module, consisting of three compartments and one of the main remote manipulator. The largest module of the station. Designed for physical, biological, biotechnological and other scientific experiments in pressurized and unpressurized conditions. Moreover, thanks to the special design allows unscheduled experiments. Docked to the module “Harmony».
- «Dome» – transparent panoramic dome. Its seven windows (the biggest 80 cm in diameter) are used for the experiments, observations of the cosmos and the Earth, during the docking of spacecraft, as well as the remote control main remote manipulator station. A place to relax crew members. Designed and built by the European Space Agency. Installed on the host module “Tranquility».
- TSP – four leaking platform fixed on farms 3 and 4 are designed to accommodate the equipment needed to conduct scientific experiments in a vacuum. Provides processing and transmission of the results of experiments on high-speed channels to the station.
- Sealed multi-function module – a warehouse for the storage of cargo, docked to the nadir docking port of module “Destiny».
In addition to the above components, there are three cargo module, “Leonardo”, “Rafael” and “Donatello”, periodically delivered into orbit, to retrofit the ISS necessary scientific equipment and other goods. The modules have a common name «multi-purpose logistics module» , shipped in the cargo bay of the shuttle and dock with the module “Unity”. A converted module “Leonardo” starting from March 2011 is one of the modules of the station called “Sealed multi-function module» (Permanent Multipurpose Module, PMM).
The performance indicators
| Overview | |
| Type CA | orbitalnoya station |
| Getting Started | 20 November 1998 |
| Of Day orbit | 6019 (on 05.14.2015) |
| Specifications | |
| Weight kg | 417 289 |
| Length m | 109 (on 01.10.2012) |
| Width, m | 51 (on 01.10.2012); 73.15 – with farms |
| Height, m | 27,4 (at 22.02 .2007) |
| Residential volume m³ | 916 |
| The pressure bar | 1 |
| temperature, ° C | ~ 26,9 (average) |
| Power kW | 110 |
| Flight data station | |
| Perigee, km | 413 |
| Apogee, km | 418 |
| Inclination, deg | 51,63 |
| Orbit height, km | 337-430 |
| The orbital speed, km / s | 7,6 |
| Period min. s | 92.53 (on 17.08.2013) |
| Revolutions day | 15, 5 (on 17.08.2013) |
| Total revolutions | 94,799 (on 14.05.2015) |
| Passed away | ~ 4007758372 |
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