Neutrino oscillations – the transformation of neutrinos one species (electrons, muons, or Thaon) into neutrinos of another species or antineutrinos. The discovery was made on the two detectors – Super-Kamiokande (Japan) and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (Canada). Both of the winner, as the Nobel Committee, made a decisive contribution to the realization of experiments to prove this possibility. “to elementary particle physics was a historic discovery” , – said in a press release of the organization.
The neutrinos are extremely light particles. Initially it was believed that they have no mass, they are influenced by gravity only. Neutrinos made up of protons and atomic nuclei is extremely weak interaction with matter, through which pass. Every second through the area on a land area of one square centimeter takes about 6 × 1010 neutrinos emitted by the Sun , but their impact on the substance almost not felt.
They have no electric charge, so that on the way through space nothing will be delayed or rejected. However, the ice is the process of oscillation of these particles. According to the energy released at the same time, researchers are judged on energy gave rise to neutrinos. This helps to better understand the dynamics of astrophysical processes, explore space, to discover and explore distant astronomical objects that are inaccessible to telescopes .
Another practical application is developed in recent years neutrino diagnostics of commercial nuclear reactors. Carried out at the end of the XX century physicists Kurchatov Institute experiments have shown promise of this direction. Today in Russia, France, Italy and other countries works on creation of neutrino detectors , capable of real-time measurement of the neutrino spectrum reactor and control both the power of the reactor, and the composite composition of the fuel, including the operating time of weapons-grade plutonium .
In theory, neutrino fluxes can be used to create communication tools , which attracted the interest of the military: the particle theory makes it possible to communicate with submarines, located at a depth, or the transmission of information through the Earth.
It became known Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology. They were the Irishman William Campbell and Japanese Satoshi Omura for discoveries in the fight against parasitic worms, and the Chinese Yu Tu for discoveries in the fight against malaria. Holders of awards – for chemistry – will be announced on October 7.
Recall that in 2014 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded Isamu Akasaki (Japan, 1929) Hiroshi Amano (Japan, 1960) and Shuji Nakamura (USA, 1954) “for his invention of new energy efficient and environmentally friendly source of light – blue light-emitting diode (LED)”. The invention of scientists – effective alternative to our usual light bulbs.
The ceremony of awarding the winners of these will take place on Tuesday, according to tradition in Stockholm December 10, the day of death of the founder of the Nobel Prizes – Swedish businessman and inventor Alfred Nobel (1833-1896). The amount of each of the Nobel Prizes in the 2015 is eight million Swedish crowns (953,000 US dollars).
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